EVM兼容性

The eSpace implements an Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) with alignment to Ethereum's behavior through CIP-645. 以下是 eSpace 和以太坊之间的一些区别：

交易类型

eSpace最初只支持155类型交易(传统交易)。
在 v2.4.0 硬分叉后，开始支持 EIP-2930（类型 1）和 EIP-1559（类型 2）交易。
不支持EIP-4844（类型3）交易。
EIP-7702 (type 4) transactions are supported after hardfork v3.0.0.

EVM 操作码

As of hardfork v3.0.0 (CIP-645), Conflux eSpace implements multiple Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs) to align behavior with Ethereum's EVM:

Opcode-Specific Changes

BLOBHASH and BLOBBASEFEE opcodes (EIP-4844) are implemented with consistent "zero" results

区块时间

NUMBER opcode将返回树图epoch number。因此，在 eSpace 合约中使用的 block.number 不会以稳定和可预测的速率增长，因此它可能不适合用于测量时间。

区块的生成速率是每个区块 1.25 秒（主网），与 Core Space Epoch 时间相同。

合约大小

Contract max code size is 49152 (double as Ethereum).

交易费用

Due to Conflux's storage collateral mechanism and high-performance design, storage-related operations have adjusted gas costs (doubled from Ethereum's values):

SSTORE: 40000 gas (instead of 20000 gas in Ethereum) when changing a storage entry from zero to non-zero
Contract deployment: Each byte costs 400 gas (instead of 200 gas in Ethereum)
EIP-7702 PER_EMPTY_ACCOUNT_COUNT: 50000 gas (instead of 25000 gas in Ethereum)

Gas Refunds

Gas refund cap: In Ethereum, if a transaction's gas limit exceeds the actual gas cost, the remaining gas is fully refunded. In contrast, Conflux refunds a maximum of 1/4 of the gas limit. Check Gas Limit, Gas Used, and Gas Charged for more details.
EIP-7702 refund difference: When updating delegate addresses (rather than creating a new delegation), Conflux does not issue the 12500 gas refund that Ethereum provides.

BLOCKHASH Gas Pricing

Conflux supports querying a larger range of blocks [n-65535, n] compared to Ethereum's [n-256, n-1]. Corresponding gas prices for BLOCKHASH are adjusted as follows:

Ethereum: 20 gas (uniform for all cases)
Conflux: 2100 gas (for the range [n-65535, n-257]), 100 gas (for blocks in [n-256, n-1])

交易的 Gas 上限

只有区块高度为5的整数倍时，才能包含以太坊类型交易。 The total gas limit of these transactions cannot exceed half of the block gas limit, which is 30 million gas.
A transaction's gas limit should be no less than 100 times the byte size of its call data. Check CIP-130 for more details.

COINBASE Address Handling

The COINBASE opcode returns a hex20 address corresponding to Core Space rather than eSpace. The eSpace address with the same hex20 value is not considered "warm" per EIP-2929.

Transaction Balance Handling

When transaction balance cannot afford maximum cost (max gas price × gas limit + tx value):

Ethereum: Transaction fails without nonce increment or fee deduction
Conflux: Nonce is incremented and maximum effective gas price × gas limit is deducted (or entire balance if insufficient)

The maximum effective gas price equals to gasPrice if gasPrice is specified otherwise min(maxFeePerGas, baseFeePerGas+maxPriorityFeePerGas).

EVM 预编译合约

支持所有标准预编译合约。

地址	ID	名称	规范	状态	版本
0x01	`ECRecover`	ECDSA 公钥恢复	Yellow Paper	✅
0x02	`SHA256`	SHA-2 256 哈希函数	Yellow Paper	✅
0x03	`RIPEMD160`	RIPEMD 160 哈希函数	Yellow Paper	✅
0x04	`Identity`	身份函数	Yellow Paper	✅
0x05	`ModExp`	大整数模幂运算	EIP-198	✅
0x06	`BN128Add`	椭圆曲线加法	EIP-196	✅
0x07	`BN128Mul`	椭圆曲线标量乘法	EIP-196	✅
0x08	`BN128Pair`	椭圆曲线配对检查	EIP-197	✅
0x09	`Blake2F`	BLAKE2b `F` 压缩函数	EIP-152	✅
0x0a	`PointEvaluation`	将多项式 p(x) 对应的承诺和一个 KZG 证明给定的情况下，验证 p(z) = y。	EIP-4844	✅	V2.4.0
0x0b	`BLS12_G1ADD`	BLS12-381 G1 addition	EIP-2537	✅	V3.0.0
0x0c	`BLS12_G1MSM`	BLS12-381 G1 multi-scalar multiplication	EIP-2537	✅	V3.0.0
0x0d	`BLS12_G2ADD`	BLS12-381 G2 addition	EIP-2537	✅	V3.0.0
0x0e	`BLS12_G2MSM`	BLS12-381 G2 multi-scalar multiplication	EIP-2537	✅	V3.0.0
0x0f	`BLS12_PAIRING_CHECK`	BLS12-381 pairing check	EIP-2537	✅	V3.0.0
0x10	`BLS12_MAP_FP_TO_G1`	BLS12-381 map FP to G1	EIP-2537	✅	V3.0.0
0x11	`BLS12_MAP_FP2_TO_G2`	BLS12-381 map FP2 to G2	EIP-2537	✅	V3.0.0

幽灵交易

跨空间交易是在 Conflux 核心空间中的交易，它在执行过程中的某个时刻调用了 CrossSpaceCall 内置合约的状态更改方法（即非 view方法）这样的交易可以更改 core 和 eSpace 两个空间中的 CFX 余额和合约存储。

由于 EVM 客户端不知道 Conflux 空间交易（两个空间使用不同的交易格式），我们为每次调用 CrossSpaceCall 内置合约构造一个或多个幽灵交易（又称虚拟交易）。这些幽灵交易来自相应的 core space 交易，它们并不存在于账本中。幽灵交易具有以下特殊属性：

其中，gas 和 gasPrice 值均为 0。跨空间交易的 gas 费用将在Core Space中收取。因此，相应的 phantom 交易不会消耗任何 gas。
无效的签名（r、s、v、standardV）。 Conflux 协议无法代表跨空间交易的发送者签名交易。因此，phantom 交易使用一个伪造的签名，而这个签名无法通过 ECDSA 验证。

示例

当我们检索 Conflux 核心空间中的 epoch 0x72819 时，我们发现其中包含一个 Conflux 交易。

cfx_getBlockByEpochNumber(0x72819, true)

{
  "epochNumber": "0x72819",
  "hash": "0x7440c9e8ebb2e87a7d187e4ad6d09027d860b3948cf4364bb883c028b6c3a858",
  "transactions": [
    {
      "hash": "0xe89ef4b61434ec331b621b8687033f9e4058e76759a3522bdc50e0cb358f505e",
      "blockHash": "0x7440c9e8ebb2e87a7d187e4ad6d09027d860b3948cf4364bb883c028b6c3a858",
      "from": "NET8888:TYPE.USER:AAJFT5SK5RGK2KTJPMPUEJ69989N15KCCY7JAJEUP2",
      "to": "NET8888:TYPE.CONTRACT:ACAP3N9KXZ7C4TU5NUU8G65FJ7A09MG1FY77ZAYSVW",
      "gasPrice": "0x1",
      "gas": "0x8b28d",
      "storageLimit": "0x54",
      "r": "0x2b943e84111cd5f95fbdf15667329ac546c9e5b99548d3c3702aeced4f07de6d",
      "s": "0x2f47ae3c15ec2d1cbcf5bde3870aa21e1df54e8b7b926840a54faa9951cb3321",
      "v": "0x0",
      ...
    }
  ],
}

当我们检索 eSpace 中对应的区块时，我们发现它包含两个幽灵交易。

eth_getBlockByNumber(0x72819, true)

{
  "hash": "0x7440c9e8ebb2e87a7d187e4ad6d09027d860b3948cf4364bb883c028b6c3a858",
  "number": "0x72819",
  "transactions": [
    {
      "hash": "0xfcdcf304b6b9dc263625b0924efaf3a7eb7044a17d27c0b8d631025b55d1147e",
      "blockHash": "0x7440c9e8ebb2e87a7d187e4ad6d09027d860b3948cf4364bb883c028b6c3a858",
      "from": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
      "to": "0xf709629eee416c2d2a53692d38f1568538d8022f",
      "gasPrice": "0x0",
      "gas": "0x0",
      "r": "0x1",
      "s": "0x1",
      "v": "0x4593",
      ...
    },
    {
      "hash": "0xca2f5c5848458bea556f99e626db7108377d600e24add1920c4106358a1a5502",
      "blockHash": "0x7440c9e8ebb2e87a7d187e4ad6d09027d860b3948cf4364bb883c028b6c3a858",
      "from": "0xf709629eee416c2d2a53692d38f1568538d8022f",
      "to": "0xdacf3af269b55ece5fe3239626a27f2a76c48245",
      "gasPrice": "0x0",
      "gas": "0x0",
      "r": "0x1",
      "s": "0x1",
      "v": "0x4593",
      ...
    }
  ],
}

交易类型​

EVM 操作码​

Opcode-Specific Changes​

区块时间​

合约大小​

交易费用​

Storage-Related Gas Costs​

Gas Refunds​

BLOCKHASH Gas Pricing​

交易的 Gas 上限​

COINBASE Address Handling​

Transaction Balance Handling​

EVM 预编译合约​

幽灵交易​

示例​

其他资源​